What term is used for something that is written, carved, or engraved on a surface like a monument or gravestone?

The term "inscription" specifically refers to written text that is carved, engraved, or otherwise etched into a hard surface, which is most commonly seen on monuments, gravestones, and similar structures. This term captures the essence of the practice of creating permanent texts that commemorate individuals, mark significant events, or convey messages intended for posterity.

Inscription involves not just the act of writing but also the artistry and intention behind creating a lasting record in stone or another material. This distinguishes it from other terms such as "script," which typically refers to the style of handwriting or a particular set of characters used in writing, without the emphasis on permanence or physical medium. "Relief" describes a sculptural technique where the figures are raised above the background, which is more about the three-dimensional aspect rather than written text. "Engraving," while it involves carving into a surface, is broader in terms of application and technique and does not specifically denote written text; it can include images and designs as well.

Thus, "inscription" is the most precise term for denoting written elements that are intended to be viewed as part of a monument or gravestone, making it the most appropriate answer.