Which large open space was used for commercial, religious, and political purposes in ancient Roman cities?

The forum served as the central public space in ancient Roman cities, evolving into a bustling hub for various activities essential to civic life. It was the place where commerce took place, with shops and stalls often lining its edges, creating an environment for trade and commerce. Additionally, the forum was an important religious site, hosting temples dedicated to various deities where citizens gathered for worship and festivals. Politically, it functioned as a venue for public speeches, debates, and gatherings, making it the cornerstone of political life in the city. This multifunctionality distinguished the forum from other structures, as it integrated commercial, religious, and political activities, embodying the essence of Roman public life.

In contrast, the amphitheater primarily served entertainment purposes, particularly for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles. Thermae were bath complexes that offered leisure and social activities but were not venues for political or commercial discourse. The basilica, while significant for legal and administrative functions, was more specialized and often located adjacent to or near the forum, rather than serving as a broad public space involving multiple aspects of social life.